Zechariah (= Remembered of Jehovah) was the second post-exile prophet and a contemporary of Haggai. © 2021 Insight for Living Ministries. Ezra 7:1 affirms that Ezra arrived in Jerusalem during the reign of Artaxerxes the king of Persia, 2. They would affirm that it was written by a disciple of Zechariah. Zech 2:4). The evidence seems to be that this was during the reign of Artaxerxes I Longimanus; therefore, the seventh year of his reign would have been 458/457 B.C. His coming to Jerusalem is recorded (in Nehemiah 11:4; 12:16), and his ministry is mentioned (in Ezra 5:1; 6:14). --Probably Zechariah's words had been represented to Joash as treasonable. Zechariah, also spelled Zacharias, (flourished 6th century bc), Jewish prophet whose preachings are recorded in one of the shorter prophetical books in the Old Testament, the Book of Zechariah (q.v.). 17 Archer writes, This Johanan was a grandson of the Eliashib mentioned in Nehemiah 3:1 and 20 and Nehemiah was a contemporary of Eliashib. 13:6), the reference must be to Artaxerxes I (yielding the date 445 and 433 respectively) rather than the reign of Artaxerxes II (which would result in the dates 384 and 372 respectively--far too late for the high priesthood of Johanan) (Gleason L. Archer, Jr. A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, 419-20). About the Prophet Zechariah: 1. Zechariah wrote his prophecy to inspire the remnant of ancient Jews who returned to Israel after the exile in Babylon. (Comp. The prophet used a simple structure of eight visions (Zechariah 1:1–6:15), four messages (7:1–8:23), and two oracles (9:1–14:21) to anticipate the completion of the temple and, ultimately, the future reign of the Messiah from Jerusalem. Again, as P. R. Ackroyd comments, ‘The very fact that this linking of 9--14 with 1--8 took place argues for some recognition of common ideas or interests’“13, A. It is generally assumed that the prophet Zechariah is identical with the man of the same name mentioned in Nehemiah 12:16.Hence Zechariah was prophet and priest at the same time as were Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Zechariah's prophecies took place during the reign of Darius the Great, and were contemporary with Haggai in a post- exilic world after the fall of Jerusalem in 587/6 BC. life, to lose our perspective and live as people without hope. The Major Prophets are described as “major” because their books are longer and the content has broad, even global implications. This book is apocalyptic genre like parts of Ezekiel, Daniel and Revelation, B. (Ezra 5--6), B. These historical citations confirm that Zechariah was a priest as well as a prophet. Ezra 7:8 affirms that Ezra arrived in Jerusalem in the fifth month of the seventh year of the king (Artaxerxes), a. His name means “Yahweh has remembered,” which might also be a good summary of the prophetic work that bears his name. Eight prophetic dream visions: 1:7--6:8, A. Read Zechariah. Both human and natural obstacles discouraged them and progress stalled. a. Nehemiah 1:2 and 2:1 affirm that the events of Nehemiah occurred in the twentieth year of king Artaxerxes, b. Nehemiah arrived the first time in Jerusalem twelve-thirteen years after Ezra arrived. Zechariah, whose name literally means the LORD has remembered, is one of the twelve Minor Prophets of the Tanakh (Old Testament), so called because the length of his writings (14 chapters) are not as vast as that of Isaiah or Ezekiel, for instance, who are classified as Major Prophets. Have you struggled with discouragement? Ezra 3:8-13; 5:16), c. Samaritan and Persian resistance ended the rebuilding of the temple for 16 years (until 520 B.C. 2 See Joyce G. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, 60-61. In speaking of a return from Egypt and Assyria, Zechariah may have been alluding to the promises of Isaiah (11:11-16) and Hosea (11:11) (Robert B. Chisholm, Jr., Interpreting the Minor Prophets, 232). 11 Robert B. Chisholm, Jr., Interpreting the Minor Prophets, 233. Zechariah (= Remembered of Jehovah) was the second post-exile prophet and a contemporary of Haggai. 14 Robert L. Alden, Haggai, The Expositor's Bible Commentary, VII:572; cf. I am a pastor in Kenya. We greet you in the name of God, the Lord of peace, who wants everyone to understand and submit to the way of righteousness that He has established, and have true peace with Him forever. We have a hope that is sure. The prophet Zechariah wrote chapters 1-8 approximately 520-518 B.C. Answer: The prophet Zechariah is just one of over thirty men named Zechariah in the Old Testament. How refreshing! 3:20), but the reality after Babylon was far different. mentions Johanan (the grandson of Eliashib [Neh 3:1, 20])17. Unlike chapters 1--8 where Zechariah’s name was mentioned three times (1:1; 1:7; 7:1) it is not mentioned in the last six chapters, b. Nehemiah II: Nehemiah’s second arrival in Jerusalem was probably in 433/432-420 B.C. 12 Joyce G. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, 68-70; Ralph L. Smith, Micah-Malachi, Word Biblical Commentary, XXXII:170. He then received eight visions on the restless night of February 15, 519 BC (1:7), followed by four messages that he preached on December 7, 518 BC (7:1). For many years it has lain in waste and now the two prophets Haggai and Zechariah have begun to prophecy and the construction is begun. English Revised Version The references to Ephraim and Judah, Assyria and Egypt were considered to be preexilic descriptionsHowever, the prophet could have been drawing on earlier prophetic passages for his terminology10, a. 1. This is primarily due to the unity which the book has been demonstrated to have12, b. 16 LaSor et al write, These business documents and letters were found on the island of Elephantine, north of the first cataract of the Nile and opposite Aswan. Temple Rebuilt: Haggai and Zechariah prophesied and the Temple was completed under Darius I (521-486), a. Levitical sacrifices were reinstituted on an altar built for burnt offerings (Ezra 3:1-6), b. 15 See Albright's early discussions. Ezra 2. Chisholm writes, “Any actual differences may be due to changes in subject matter and literary genre”6, A. Zechariah was a prophet who lived in the 6th century before the birth of Christ. The Minor Prophets are Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. While Haggai’s overall message had more of a cautionary tone to it (pointing out the Jews’ sin and self-focus), Zechariah emphasized a tone of Discover more resources related to Zechariah. It’s just a little temple in comparison with Solomon’s temple and it doesn’t compare at all with the temple that is to be in the age to come. 20 Joyce G. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, 59. Zechariah was a younger contemporary of: • Haggai the prophet. He was the son of Berekiah and the grandson of Iddo the priest (Zech 1:1; cf. when Cyrus was King (539-530) (Ezra 1--6), 1. 18:1-2; 32:6-9), perhaps being based on an early Christian testimonial collection. In that respect, it’s possible to think of the book of Zechariah as a kind of miniature book of Isaiah. Zechariah Zechariah The prophet and his prophecy Like Haggai, Zechariah’s prophetic ministry took place in the postexilic period, and like him his focus (in his early ministry at least) was on the building of the Temple. Watch our overview video on the book of Zechariah, which breaks down the literary design of the book and its flow of thought. Your browser does not support JavaScript. Unlike Haggai, Zechariah was probably a young man when he prophesied (cf. ; cf. The Jewish Rabbis have written of cases in the prophets where they believed this principle to have operated (Ibid., 62). I use Pastor Chuck Swindoll's books a lot: Moses, David, Joseph, Esther, Hand Me Another Brick. 6 Robert B. Chisholm, Jr., Interpreting the Minor Prophets, 233; Kenneth L. Barker, Zechariah, The Expositor's Bible Commentary, VII:596-97. Author and Time of Writing . There is no room in Zechariah's thinking for glib optimism, but when evil has done its worst the Lord remains King, and will be seen to be King by all the nations (Ibid., 60). Listen to Chuck Swindoll’s overview of Zechariah in his audio message from the Classic series God’s Masterwork. ; cf. 1) Nehemiah 8:2 identifies Ezra as Nehemiah’s contemporary, 2) The Elephantine Papyri16 [c. 400 B.C.] He was the son of Berekiah and the grandson of Iddo the priest (Zech 1:1; cf. His word came in visions, oracles, dreams, parables, and the like. The Book of Zechariah 1:1 and 1:7 mention Iddo as the paternal grandfather of Zechariah. He seems to have changed his mind about this matter. Zechariah, as part of his priestly duties in the temple, was chosen to enter the Holy Place to burn incense before the Lord (verse 8). This short message from Jehovah to the people, which is found in the first six verses, is the introduction to the whole book. I use all as my study material. While the book contains its share of judgments on the people of Judah and beyond, it overflows with hope in the future reign of the Lord over His people. Concurrent with the prophet Haggai’s work, Zechariah’s ministry began in 520 BC, twenty years after the initial return from exile in Babylon. . Peace be with you, listening friends. 536 B.C. 40:3 and Mal 3:1) to Isaiah, the more prominent of the prophetic authors involved, so the quotation in Matthew 27:9-10 is ascribed to the well-known prophet Jeremiah, even though its wording is more dependent on Zechariah”9, b. Zechariah the prophet was probably born in Babylon during the 70-year Babylonian captivity. Zechariah relays God’s word to encourage the returned Jewish exiles to take heart amidst uncertain circumstances and finish rebuilding the Temple, because the Lord plans to establish the Temple as the center of His Kingdom when He personally returns and glorifies His city, Jerusalem. 22 Baldwin writes, The book prepares God's people for the worst calamity they can ever face, the triumph of evil over good. Even if the Maccabean wars are in view, one should not necessarily presuppose the existence of a Greek empire in the author’s day. Controversy over Authorship and Unity of the Book: 1. Only chapters 1–8 contain the prophecies of Zechariah; chapters 9–14 must be attributed to at least two other, unknown authors. Even God's representative dies at the hand of evil men. For a people newly returned from exile, Zechariah provided specific prophecy about their immediate and distant future—no doubt a great encouragement. https://www.insight.org/resources/bible/the-minor-prophets/zechariah A. It’s easy to get caught up in the oftentimes depressing events of day-to-day encouraging the nation to rebuild the temple, e. The Temple was completed in 516 B.C. Scholars thus refer Nothing happened until two prophets, Haggai and Zechariah, passionately pleaded with the people to continue and complete the building. He was one of those captives in Babylon but, under the leadership of a political ruler whose name was Zerubbabel, Zechariah, together with some 50,000 of his Hebrew kinsmen, returned to their native Palestine (cir. 1. The book of Zechariah serves as a correction for that tendency in our lives. Zechariah’s dated visions and messages in chapters 1–8 all take place in the same general time period as Haggai’s, beginning in October–November 520 BC with a call for the people of Judah to repent (Zechariah 1:1). 4 Joyce G. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, 62-63. 2. Ezra 5:1-2; Zech 3:1; 4:6; 6:11), 5. They belonged to a Jewish military colony established at least as early as the fall of Jerusalem in 586. As a “young man” at the time of his first prophecies (Zechariah 2:4), his life more than likely extended into the reign of Xerxes I (485–465 BC), the king best known in the Bible for making Esther the queen of Persia (Esther 1:1).1. 12:22), regarding the rebuilding of their temple. 491ff). Ezekiel and Jeremiah wrote before the fall of Jerusalem, while continuing to prophesy in the early exile period. They prophesied at the same time (see Ezra 5:1; Ezra 6:14).. Earlier prophets had promised a grand restoration of God’s covenant people (e.g., Zeph. See also Charles L. Feinberg, God Remembers: A Study of Zechariah, 8-9. F. The literary content of Zechariah is as follows: 2. Zechariah is the eleventh of the Minor Prophets, the last 12 books of the Old Testament. Because of his family lineage, Zechariah was a priest in addition to a prophet. Preexilic Date (and thus not by Zechariah), a. Matthew 27:9-10 refers to Zechariah 11:12-13 but is attributed in Matthew to Jeremiah8However, as Chisholm writes, “Matthew’s quotation is probably a composite of Zechariah 11:12-13 and passages from Jeremiah (cf. Zechariah was a Levite who was born in Babylon (Neh 12:1, 16), 2. Related Topics: Introductions, Arguments, Outlines, Malick received a Masters of Theology in Bible Exposition, with honors, from Dallas Theological Seminary in 1984. The is some question as to whether this was in the reign of Artaxerxes I Longimanus (464-423 B.C.) Isa 66:19) who will resist the extension of the Lord’s kingdom in the eschaton. Acts of Solomon; Iddo Genealogies; Jadon; Story of the Prophet Iddo; Visions of Iddo the Seer; References Revelation is fully developed apocalyptic literature19. Sign up to receive e-mail from Insight for Living Ministries. It is a post-exilic book, meaning it was written after (post) the return from captivity (exile) in Babylon. The Prophet Zechariah. The Post-Exilic Prophet Zechariah is the eleventh of twelve prophets in the Book of the Twelve in the Bible. 1 F. Duanne Lindsey, Zechariah, The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures by Dallas Seminary Faculty: Old Testament, 1454. Zechariah was the most prolific of the three postexilic prophets, and wrote during the reign of King Darius of Persia in the sixth century BC. Though his final messages in chapters 9–14 go undated, the mention of Greece in 9:13 suggests the prophecies came much later in his life, presumably sometime in the 480s BC, before Ezra (458 BC) and Nehemiah (444 BC) arrived to again revitalize the Jewish people. 19 Robert B. Chisholm, Jr., Interpreting the Minor Prophets, 233-34; Joyce G. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, 71. Nehemiah I: Nehemiah’s first arrival in Jerusalem was probably in 445/444 B.C. In 2003, he earned his Juris Doctorate, magna cum laude, from Capital University Law School, where he received the Order of the Curia. Grandson of the priest Iddo, Zechariah prophesied to the people of Judah after they returned from their seventy years of exile in Babylon (Zechariah 1:1; Nehemiah 12:1, 4, 16). Their task was to rebuild the temple, which had fallen into disrepair. "And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try … She writes, The fact that these chapters are included under the name of Zechariah in our Bibles could mean no more than that they were anonymous writings, known to be authentic prophetic words but, because of their fragmentary nature, in danger of being lost and needing to be included on the scroll allocated to another prophet to save them from extinction. Please note, our website requires JavaScript to be supported. 18 For a fuller discussion see Joyce G. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, 70-74. Please contact us or click here to learn more about how to enable JavaScript on your browser. To introduce glimpses of reality for the postexilic community from a heavenly standpoint, namely, that “The transcendent God is working out His eternal purpose for Judah and Jerusalem, equipping His covenant people to fulfil [sic] the spiritual role for which He chose them (Zc. Some would affirm that the book comes from a time later in Zechariah’s ministry, but not by Zechariah. Feinberg writes, the Talmud specifically states (Baba Bathra) that Jeremiah was arranged by the Jews in their canon as the first of the prophets. 12:4, 16; Ezra 5:1; 6:14), therefore, although the name was a common one, it is possible that he was a priest2, 4. B. 1. Their nation would still be judged for sin (5:1–11), but they would also be cleansed and restored (3:1–10), and God would rebuild His people (1:7–17). He first prophesied in November 520BC (Haggai last prophesied in December 520BC) and likely prophesied for at least a… Zechariah (his name means “the Eternal has remembered”) was active between 520 and 518, and the sacred task was at last taken up again and finished in 516-515. A military conflict between Israel and Greece is an allusion to the Maccabean-Seleucid struggles of the second century B.C.However, “Greece” may be used here to symbolize the distant nations (cf. b. To portray God’s future plans for His people, Zechariah uses a series of: • 8 visions • 4 messages The Syrian invasion may have been already threatening, when his prophecy was uttered; and in that case it would be easy to allege against the prophet that his "wish was father to his thought." All rights reserved.Site by Ascendio, Insight's Old Testament Handbook: A Practical Look at Each Book, Insight's Bible Application Guide: Isaiah–Malachi—A Life Lesson from Every Chapter, God’s Masterwork, Volume Four: An Invitation to Return—A Survey of Hosea–Malachi. This beautiful and poetic book provides an overview of events from the time of Christ until the millennium, and confirms and reinforces both biblical prophecy and secular history. Book of Zechariah, the 11th of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets, collected in the Jewish canon in one book, The Twelve. Even though Persia, not Greece, was the major power in Zechariah’s time, a keen observer might have been able to foresee Greece’s eventual rise to prominence. 5 Robert B. Chisholm, Jr., Interpreting the Minor Prophets, 233. ). 7 This chart comes from Joyce G. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, 29. In verse 1, the date with the genealogy of the prophet is given; and the reader will note the significant fact that, as in Haggai so here, the … It is this Iddo to whom Ezra refers when he calls the prophet Zechariah a "son of Iddo" in Ezra 5:1 and 6:14. Ezra 4:4-5), d. Haggai and Zechariah prophesy from 520-518 B.C. The last six chapters do not mention dates, c. The last six chapters do not make clear references to known historical events like the completion of the temple, d. The book of Zechariah lacks unity in its contents, style, and vocabulary4Chisholm writes, “Arguments of this type are often subjective. After some time, however, I asked leave from the king, and I came to Jerusalem and learned about the evil ....”, b. Nehemiah left Jerusalem in the thirty-second year of Artaxerxes, c. Nehemiah may also have returned to Jerusalem in the thirty-second year of Artaxerxes (this is not certain since the text reads, “After some time, ...”, A. THE BOOK OF THE PROPHET ZECHARIAH The prophets Zechariahand Haggaiwrote about the year 520 BC during the Restorationof Jerusalem and Judah. encouragement to the struggling Israelites trying to rebuild their temple. The prophet Zechariah not only brought a message of hope for the people of his day, but for all of mankind down through the ages right up to our present time. • Joshua the high priest. while Artaxexes I Longimanus was King (Ezra 7--10), 1. Later, the prophets Haggai and Zechariah son of Iddo prophesied to the Jews in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God of Israel, who was over them. It seems that these differences may be best explained in view of the apocalyptic genre of the material rather than through differences in authorship. The Minor Prophets are also sometimes called The Twelve. He has engaged in post-graduate studies at Dallas T... More, 9. between them. When God had a message for the people, He spoke through the prophets. II. Zechariah’s grandfather returned from Babylon, his young grandson in tow, with the first group of Israelites allowed back, in 538 BC under the decree of Cyrus, king of Persia. View Chuck Swindoll's chart of Zechariah, which divides the book into major sections and highlights themes and key verses. 12:4, 16; Ezra 5:1; 6:14), therefore, although the name was a common one, it is possible that he was a priest 2. 1:7--6:15)”20, B. . 3. Many critical scholars have decided that chapters 9--14 were not authored by Zechariah, and the reasons have been based upon internal evidence:3, a. Far different as early as the fall of Jerusalem, while the prophet zechariah to prophesy the! 5 Robert B. Chisholm, Jr., Interpreting the Minor Prophets, 233, 62-63 best explained view. Of Iddo the priest ( Zech 1:1 ; cf in Zechariah ’ s ministry, but not by.... Chapters 9–14 must be attributed to at least two other, unknown.... 16 ), c. 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